The Treaty of Waitangi and Healthcare

The Treaty of Waitangi and Healthcare Realities and Maori Models of Health New Zealanders has major ethnicities than any other parts of the world, comprising over 213 ethnic groups. Five major ethnic groups in New Zealand comprise New Zealand European, Maori, Chinese, Samoan and Indian (NZ Herald, 2013). And of all ethnic groups, Maori has been documented as having the poorest health status in New Zealand even after the regulation of factors like income, residence and education. This health status is the result from their negative experiences from colonization processes that resulted in the loss of their cultural beliefs, practices and even their Maori language. As Ramsden, Irihapiti has stated: Maori have until recently been passive consumers of a health service that they have had little input into. As yet Maori have little control over funding, policy and delivery of health service in the State sector. Many Maori would argue that this situation is in contravention of the promise of the second article to protect the â€Å"unqualified exercise of Maori chieftainship†¦over lands, villages, and all their treasures†. [1] Tino rangatiratanga guarantee has not been realised while Maori cannot gain autonomy in health service and become accountable to Maori.[2] The Ministry of Health documents [3]has revealed the seriousness of the matter and the need to address the inequalities and disparities of health as what Hon. Annette King has stated: The Government has acknowledged the importance of prioritizing Maori health gain and development by identifying a need to reduce and eventually eliminate health inequalities that negatively affect Maori.[4] As health care providers, it is our utmost responsibility to respond to Maori’s health issues in respect to the diversity of worldviews that may exist in between us. To fully understand Maori health promotion, it is best to examine these key models that have been developed and currently used. Maori view health in a holistic way. Each of these models is interlinked and highlights the links in between the physical, spiritual, individual and most importantly, the family. Te Whare Tapa Wha Te Whare Tapa Wha is also known as â€Å"four cornerstones or sides of Maori health†. These four cornerstones includes the: Taha tinana or Physical Health – from the word itself, it refers to the body and its physical manifestation. Taha Wairua or Spiritual Health – Maori believed that the spiritual essence of the individual is their life force and therefore is essential in the identification of an individual as a whole. Taha whanau or Family Health – it details the importance of family on the well-being of the individual. Taha hinengaro or Mental Health – refers to the relevance of the mind and the ability to communicate, think and feel. This model expresses the relevance of balance that if one of these elements fails can lead to illness. It was developed by Mason Durie in 1982 because the spiritual element of health was discarded which has become an important in the prevailing health models. Te Pae Mahutonga or Southern Cross Star Constellation This model brings together the elements of modern Maori health promotion. These key elements highlight the linkages in between Mauriora (cultural identity), Waiora (physical environment), Toiora (healthy lifestyles) and Te Oranga (Participation in society). The two pointers symbolize NgÄ  Manukura(community leadership) andTe Mana Whakahaere(autonomy) which depicts the resources needed to achieve those outcomes. It has been currently used around New Zealand to create a positive change regardless of ethnicities or culture. Te Wheke Te Wheke or the octopus depicts family health. The octopus head represent te whanau (the family), octopus eyes as waiora (family and individual’s total well-being) and the tentacles representing specific dimension of health which are interwoven representing closeness of these tentacles. Maori acknowledges importance of interconnectedness in between the mind, spirit, whanau and physical and has always been even after the introduction of Western medicine. He Po Oranga Tangata Whenua This model has been developed to ensure the traditional tangata whenua (people of the land) values, knowledge and institutions are recognized as key indicators of toiora: optimum health and well-being. It attempts to make a wider connection between wider health and social determinants like housing, employment, education, resources and language. This model is now being applied in the Bay of Plenty District Health Board. All of these models will help shed light on Maori’s views of health and well-being in the hope of greater appreciation to them and be put into works by the professionals working in the health sector. MANAAKITANGA Loosely translated as â€Å"hospitality†, manaakitanga plays an integral part in Maori society. It is derived from the word â€Å"mana† or the person’s ability to care. It derives respect that is earned and cannot be forced to any individual. Being hospitable, looking after visitors and caring for them regardless of their status is of great importance to them. But manaakitanga has a much broader definition than just a word or direct translation. It can be broken down into 3 parts: mana-a-ki which means â€Å"power of the word† which motions them to be expressive and articulate in welcoming visitors. There is another explanation with the words â€Å"mana† or prestige, â€Å"ki te tangata† or to the people – which gives the importance of mana that contains the integrity, prestige and power of guests. Manaakitanga not only encompasses hospitality but also on mutual respect. It acknowledges others’ mana as having equal or greater th an their own which can be seen in the form of love, generosity, as well as hospitality. They also believed that in any gathering, small than it may seem, it should be remembered with gratitude and affection. They welcome settlers with open arms as they often trade and give foods to them. Some of them brought individuals into their marae or meeting place where they become members of whanau/family, hapu/sub-tribe and iwi/tribe. Manaakitanga, in short sense, is about cultivating relationships, looking after one another and being careful as to how others are treated regardless of their status in the society. It is applicable not only to the Maori but also in any ethnic group. In any health care setting, it is important that we all treat each other with respect. It can boost one’s esteem knowing you are valued. In this way will we be able to build rapport and partnership not only to the patients but as well as their families, thereby, improve the health status of not only the Maori but also to the entire ethnic group. References Manning, B. (2013, December 11). Census 2013: More ethnicities than the worlds countries National NZ Herald News. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11170288 Media Resources. (n.d.). Manaakitanga – unique New Zealand hospitality > New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/en/media/features/maori-culture/maori-culture_manaakitanga-hospitality.cfm Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2002, March). Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in Nursing and Midwifery Education and Practice. Retrieved from http://www.sportsouthland.co.nz/files/docs/culturalsafety nurses.pdf Whanau Ora News. (2013, November 11). MÄ ori Models of Health Wellbeing | Te Arawa WhÄ nau Ora Collective. Retrieved from http://tearawawhanauora.org.nz/2013/11/maori-models-of-health-wellbeing/ [1] Kawharu, I. (Ed). (1989). Waitangi: Maori and Pakeha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. 2 Ramsden, I. (1996). The Treaty of Waitangi and cultural safety: The role of the Treaty in nursing and  midwifery education in Aotearoa. In Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for cultural safety in  nursing and midwifery education. Wellington, NZ: NCNZ. [2] [3] Social Inequalities in Health, New Zealand (1999), the New Zealand Health Strategy (December  2000) and Priorities for Maori and Pacific Health: Evidence from epidemiology (2001) [4] King, A. (2001). New Zealand Health Strategy. Wellington, NZ, Ministry of Health. p.18

Chivalrous Code :: essays research papers

Chivalry began in the 12th century in the form of a knightly code of conduct, with special emphasis on courtly manners toward women. Thirteenth century stories that showed the ways a warrior should behave in romance became popular . Churchmen liked the idea of high standards and made the knighting ceremony a religious occasion with a church vigil and purifying bath. Books on the subject soon began to appear. Many forms of chivalrous code can be found today, from The Cowboy’s Code to the Rules of Courtly Love. These codes are stated with the hope that people will try and follow them to some degree; yet only the perfect could adhere to them all. Considering the fact that such perfection is impossible, the authors merely set out a guideline for honorable behavior. In the context of medieval times, a knight was expected to have faith in his beliefs; for faith was considered to give hope against the despair that human failings create. I chose to use ‘The Code of Chivalry’ for my comparisons on literary characters great successes and failures. For my first example, I chose the brave and fearless Beowulf. According to the 19th code of chivalry, one must ‘Destroy evil in all of its monstrous forms,’ and also ‘Exhibit courage in word and deed.’ Beowulf proclaimed to fight the evil Grendel, saying â€Å"We shall fight for our lives, foe against foe; and he whom death takes off must resign himself to the judgment of God (1200).† After the battle, the terror-filled Grendel crept away, mortally wounded. Beowulf had upheld this particular code with valor and bravery. For my second example, I looked to Sir Gawain. The story of the Green Knight is seeped with instances of chivalry, and honorable men. â€Å"Always keep one’s word of honor,† was an obvious code for this particular story. Not only did Sir Gawain show respect for the codes of chivalry by serving his king, exhibiting courage, and fighting with honor; he kept his words of honor that had been spoken with the Green Knight. Although he was distracted in his course, he kept the appointed new year challenge with the knight. Not a perfect instance of chivalry, yet his example leads nicely into my next character assessment. Don Quixote, if nothing else, must be praised for his valiant efforts to follow the laws of the great knights. After encountering a man beating a half naked youth, he informs him that â€Å"it is a caitiff’s deed to attack one who cannot defend himself.

Free Will Determinism Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every day in our lives and everything we do involves some degree of decision making or choice selection either mental or physical. We start making choices and decisions from the moment we wake up everyday to the second we sleep. Some decisions we make are blatantly obvious to ourselves because of our need to reflect on the choices before choosing. However, most decisions we make throughout the day are made without much thought. We are even, quite often, unaware that we are making decisions due to habituation and preference. Before going further, we must define the terms free will, determinism and fate or destiny. Free will is the ability to choose. Furthermore, it is the power of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate. Fate, or destiny, can be defined as the inevitable events predestined by this force. However, there is a better position to take when it comes to arguing against free will; and that position, or belief, is call ed determinism. Determinism states that the conditions at one moment are the necessary result from the â€Å"previous† conditions. Simply put, every effect has a cause, every action is predetermined. Unlike fate or destiny, it does not mean the future is already established. It is one thing to say that our choice is caused. It is another thing to say that we do not choose, and fate says, we cannot choose. This is definitely an endless argument given that it is a matter of personal opinion with no facts involved. However, free will definitely seems like the most plausible standpoint. We do have free will. First of all, we can all experience something within ourselves that we can conclude to be a decision making process. These decisions we make are obviously made from our own will and not determined by anything other than ourselves. Baron Holbach, an 18th century French philosopher, believes that free will is an illusion. According to Holbach, we have no choice in anything because everything is predetermined. Holbach also states that our decision making boils down to preference. For example, if Bob walked into an ice cream store filled with numerous flavors, it would seem that Bob is free to choose any flavor he wants. Holbach would have to argue that Bob has already made a decision in his mind before walking in due to vanilla being his favorite flavor, h... ... that neurons firing chemicals and so forth could have deterministically resulted in his choice of vanilla. There are arguments which claim that free will is an illusion. It is an illusion that we accept because of our inability to observe all of the processes going on involved with making a choice. Basically, this point of view states that we are unaware and have a lack of understanding for numerous processes present within human thought. Despite the differences between free will and determinism or fatalism, there is some middle ground. Libertarian is the belief that free will is affected by human nature but retains ability to choose contrary to our nature and desires. This is a balance between the ideas from free will and determinism. This is a good stance because of its incorporation of both views. This whole argument about free will is purely subjective. However, it seems that there are stronger arguments for the idea of free will as opposed to determinism and fatalism. As was stated earlier, it would seem rather pessimistic to view the world as a determinist. Just by being a determinist, one is choosing not to believe in free will which is an example of free will in itself.

Digitization of Library Materials

The Usage of Information Communication Technology in Science and Technology Information Networks in Sri Lanka R. P. R. N. Premarathna No. 361/1, Manel Watta Road, Bollegala Gonewala (w. p. ), Tel. 0714307681, Email. ranjan. [email  protected] com A number of cooperative programmes including exchange of information can be seen among member libraries of the Science & Technology information networks in Sri Lanka. At present most of information networks in other countries engage in their cooperative activities by using Information Communication Technology (ICT).This research attempts measure the impact of Information Communication Technology for cooperative activities of information networks among science and technology information networks in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Scientific and Technical Information Network (SLSTINET), Agricultural Information Network (AGRINET), and Health Literature Library and Information Service (HELLIS) have been selected for the research. These networks properly carry on library cooperative activities. The aim of the study is to find out whether they use information communication technology to do their cooperative activities.Data has been collected from these three networks and their member libraries by sending questionnaires. Questionnaires were sent to 60 out of 120 member libraries of SLSTINET, 25 out of 30 member libraries of AGRINET and 12 out of 19 member libraries of HELLIS. Data analysis has been done by calculating mode, mean and representation of percentage values. Data has been presented by using table and diagram. It was found that the Usage of Information Communication Technology can be seen in some house keeping function (a computerized catalogue, creating data bases, internet searching, CD ROMs searching and using emails) of the networks.It is used in cooperative programmes like contributing to union catalogue and ULIST, current awareness service through the email and providing access to online journals also. Some member libr aries in networks do not have computer hardware and software facilities. Lack of allocating financial provisions and lack of attention of mother organizations, have affected the use of information communication technology. It was found that up to a satisfactory level ICT is being used in science and technology information networks in Sri Lanka. Keywords: ICT; Information Technology; Information Network; cooperative programmes; AGRINET; HELLIS; SLSTINET

Blood and Organism Physiology Paper

Organism Physiology Paper Greg Jenkins BIO/101 August 2, 2012 Jimmie Cave Organism Physiology Paper Organisms Overview This research is about an organism diagram that the writer has found for reasons while doing his investigation. The writer has selected to center his findings on human being aimed for his research paper. The writer has elected a illustration that will describe exactly how the organism in the figure has progressed physiologically to become suitable to its environs.Human Diagram The Human Figure The whole human form is an organism. There are numerous structures in the human format. An organ is comprised into double or additional materials pack into one functioning component that completes a precise purpose. Each organ has a precise part in the human body for improvement and a human being condition. The tissues in the body are significant because they labor together scientifically to vigorous sustain and keep the individual alive. Main organ methodsThe chief organ struc ture is mainly the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, endcannabinoid system, endocrine system, integumentary system, immune system, lymphatic system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, reproductive system, Respiratory system, urinary system, and the vestibular system. †¢Circulatory system: pushing and directing plasma and commencing the body and lungs with the central part of the human which is the heart, and blood vessels. †¢Digestive System: ingestion and dispensation nourishment with salivary glands, throat, abdominal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, your guts, rectum, and anus. . Endocannabinoid system: neuromodulator lipids and receptors intricate in a diversity of functional procedures containing your desire for food, feeling of pain-sensation, humor, motorized way of knowledge, synaptic flexibility, and remembrance. †¢Endocrine system: contains the way the body receives messages inside the body by hormones made through the endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenals or adrenal glands †¢Integumentary system: is consistency of the human outside, physical being †¢Immune system: battle off infection; Lymphatic system: relocation of lymph amongst materials and the plasma flow, †¢Musculoskeletal system: muscles are accountable for association and the bones offer structural provision and security with skeletons, tendon, muscles, and ligaments. †¢Nervous system: gathering, transporting and dispensation data to the brain, vertebral, central nerves. †¢Reproductive system: the sexual role organs; in the woman; and man are very different, but plays a big part in human reproductions †¢Respiratory system: is the system of which a human needs to breath, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. Urinary system: is the human way to exit out and balance the defecation of waist. †¢Vestibular syste m: adds to our equilibrium and our sense of three-dimensional coordination. (â€Å"How Many Are There†, 2011). The structure of the human system is a group of organs that help each other to sustain the human purposes. Materials cannot achieve these tasks alone; the organs are what support the materials to achieve its purposes. The chief organs through the body are the heart and the blood container. Conferring to Simon (2010), an entity is contingent on the matching of all its organ organisms for existence.For example, nutrients that are captivated from the gastrointestinal region are dispersed all through the body by the cardiovascular system. But the heart that drives blood over the cardiovascular system needs nutrients engrossed from nourishment by the gastrointestinal area and also oxygen (O2) gained from midair by the respirational system. Evolved physiologically Every entity is an exposed system, which means around unceasing interchange of substances and vitality with it s environments. Organisms needs familiarize with its surroundings in demand to live.This is exactly how the body functions with an exposed system: Eating, breathing, excrete, urinate, perspire and give off heat. Conferring to Simon (2010), Nutrients and oxygen must go in all existing cell, and carbon dioxide and all waste material got to be empty out. All existing organisms can adjust and react to its background. The most imperative body purpose is to preserve its honesty. Homeostasis, which accurately means â€Å"sturdy state,† is the inclination to uphold comparatively persistent situations in the center surroundings even after the outward environs changes (Simon, 2010).Variations do happen in the environment but are usually reasonable to the assortment that is acceptable for all living cells. References Picture- How many are there. (2011). Retrieved from http://howmanyarethere. net/how-many-organs-are-in-the-human-body/ How many are there. (2011). Retrieved from http://how manyarethere. net/how-many-organs-are-in-the-human-body/ Simon, E. j. (2010). Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (3rd ed. ). : Pearson Education.

Amateur radio

Amateur radio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If regular communications were knocked out, Amateur Radio would be there to step in! Amateur Radio connects people in times of need during emergencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start one’s adventure into Amateur Radio, one needs to obtain a license. There is a test required by the FCC in order to obtain a license which one needs to operate an Amateur Radio (H10). Only licensed amateurs can operate an Amateur Radio station (BARTLETT). Amateurs have to go through the different levels of licenses, which go from technician to general then to extra (HARING). With each step, they get more privilages and frequencies. Past exam questions included equipment, regulations, and morse code, all of which were dropped (HAMILTON). Now Amateur Radio is growing at a rate of 10% a year (HAMILTON). Amateur radio is growing with the new generation as well. â€Å"Amateur Radio not just meant for old folks. The Amateur Community want to see a new g eneration of men and women try Amateur Radio,† said Don Montgomery (CONRAD). Test and study materials add up to usually $40 (H11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amateur Radio is getting more and more in-sync with new technology and computers. Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) uses Global Positioning System with Amateur Radio to remotely track Amateurs’ movements and reports them to the APRS website (H11). All one needs to use APRS is a GPS and an Amateur Radio (H11). Anyone can go online to the APRS website to see where amateurs are at, anytime of the day. Amateurs also use APRS for use with Geocaching (H11). Geocaching is a scavenger hunt where people use a GPS unit to find treasures outside (H11). Echolink can be used as an alternative to equipment. Echolink is a software program, which hams can use to listen to and transmit audio over the Internet (H10). Echolink works by using a computer and Internet connection with a radio to listen to the repeater, an d to constantly transmit audio over the Internet via Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) technology to the end-user (H12). The same happens in reverse, when an end-user transmits they use VOIP technology to get to the computer, and the computer transmits audio to the radio, which the radio transmits audio to the repeater. With Echolink, licensed operators can get on other repeaters and listen and transmit on them as well (H12). There are conferences which are groups that can handle large amounts of users. These are server-based groups that are basically a middle-man or main group which people, links, repeaters, or other conferences can connect to (H12). Internet Radio Link Project (IRLP) is almost exactly like Echolink, except that it is made mainly for connecting only repeaters to repeaters via VOIP, and not for desktop clients (H10). Logging ones contacts for a record is important as well. There also is logging software which can log stations that amateurs have made contact with ( H10). Mostly logging is used with High Frequencies (HF) because of contesting. It is an easy way to keep track of one’s data to send QSLs to (H10). Amateurs may also use an online log book, called Log Book of the World (LBW). This is useful for contacts that are in other countries (H10). If an amateur were to send QSL postcards to everyone whom they have had contact with in other countries, it would get really expensive, really fast (H10).

Supplemets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supplemets - Essay Example One of the most common misuses of statistics found regularly is that of an implied connection. Typically, this is found in advertisements for various kinds weight loss, hair regeneration etc products. The manner in which the error is made is that a success story of some person is cited, i.e., say Joe Smith lost 20 pounds of weight in 2 weeks by using product X. The claim is that or rather the implication is that if the product worked for Joe, it should for every consumer. Obviously, this is not true. If the statement in the small print of the results not being typical accompanies a weight loss product advertisement, this implies that the advertised effect is not typical. That is, whatever remarkable weight loss story is portrayed as proof of the effectiveness of the product, is not the expected impact of the product on the average person based on statistical tests. The kind of misuse this statement reflects is one of implied connection. An advertisement that demonstrates some immediate weight loss as a result of using the product refers to a situation where the product had such an impact on one individual. But, the advertisement implies that whoever uses the product will benefit in a similar fashion. However, the small print refers to the truth obtained through statistical sampling. It was found that the extent to which the product had an effect was not as spectacular on most people tested. Thus, for the typical, or average person, the product had little or no effect compared to what was being depicted in the advertisement. This is only perceivable to the person who is careful enough to take note of the footnote. Thus, this product is unlikely to have any significant impact on an average person. Because it had a spectacular effect on one individual as advertised, does not mean that it will have similar effects on all people. Further the small print implies that that effect observed on most people was actually